#163 The Chiral center is the point or carbon atom which

The chiral center is the point or carbon atom which - Organic Chemistry

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The chiral center is the point or carbon atom which possesses all the four different groups attached to it. A chiral center is commonly denoted by an asterisk.
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Free Chegg Answer

The chiral center is the point or carbon atom which possesses all the four different groups attached to it. A chiral center is commonly denoted by an asterisk (*).
(a)
The structure of the given molecule is as follows:

Now we can find the carbon atom is chiral or not as described as follows:
Carbon number 1 has two bromine atoms attached to it. Thus, C-1 carbon is not a chiral center.
Carbon number 2 also has two chlorine atoms attached to it. Thus, C-2 carbon is also not a chiral center.
Hence, the given structure does not show any chiral center(s).

(b)
The structure of the given molecule is as follows:

Carbon number 1 consists of all the four different groups. It has a hydrogen atom above it, a chlorine atom at its left, a bromine atom below it, and two carbon atoms with different substituents at its right side. Thus, C-1 carbon is a chiral carbon or chiral center.
Carbon number 2 does not consist of all the four different groups attached to it. It consists of hydrogen atom above it and the hydroxyl group below it. But at its right and left side, it has the same group (carbon with one hydrogen atom, one chlorine atom, and one bromine atom). Thus, C-2 carbon is not a chiral carbon or chiral center.
Carbon number 3 consists of all the four different groups. It has a hydrogen atom above it, a chlorine atom at its right, a bromine atom below it, and two carbon atoms with different substituents at its left side. Thus, C-1 carbon is a chiral carbon or chiral center.
Hence, the given structure shows two chiral centers.

(c)
The structure of the given molecule is as follows:

Now we can find the carbon is chiral or not as described as follows:

Carbon number 1 has three same groups (hydrogen atoms) attached to it. Thus, C-1 carbon is not a chiral center.
Carbon number 2 consists of all the four different groups attached to it. It consists of a hydrogen atom above it and the hydroxyl group below it. On its left and right side, both the groups are different because the right side consists of the aldehyde group while the left side does not consist of this group.
On its right side also consists of two carbon atoms with a hydroxyl group and a hydrogen atom while the left side consists of only one carbon atom with all the hydrogen atoms. Thus, all the four groups are different and hence, C-2 carbon is a chiral carbon or chiral center.
Carbon number 3 consists of all the four different groups attached to it. It consists of a hydrogen atom above it and the hydroxyl group below it. On its left and right side, both the groups are different because the right side consists of the aldehyde group while the left side does not consist of this group.
Carbon number 4 consists of all the four different groups attached to it. It consists of a hydrogen atom above it and the hydroxyl group below it. On its left and right side, both the groups are different because the right side consists of the aldehyde group while the left side does not consist of this group. Its left side consists of three carbon atoms with a hydroxyl group and hydrogen atom while the right does not consist of such groups. Thus, all the four groups are different and hence, C-4 carbon is a chiral carbon or chiral center.
Carbon number 5 consists of a double bond with oxygen. Any carbon with a double bond consists of less than four groups attached to it. The definition says that the chiral center must consist of four different groups attached to it. This carbon consists of three groups attached to it, thus, the C-5 carbon is not a chiral carbon or chiral center.
Hence, the given structure shows two chiral centers.

(d)
The structure of the given molecule is as follows:

Now we can find the carbon is chiral or not as described as follows:

Carbon number 1 has two same groups (hydrogen atoms) attached to it. Thus, C-1 carbon is not a chiral center.
Carbon number 2 consists of all the four different groups attached to it. It consists of a hydrogen atom above it and the hydroxyl group below it. On its left side, it consists of one carbon atom while on its right side it consists of four carbon atoms. Thus, C-2 carbon is a chiral center.
Carbon number 3 consists of all the four different groups attached to it. It consists of a hydrogen atom above it and the hydroxyl group below it. On its left side, it consists of two carbon atoms while on its right side it consists of three carbon atoms. Thus, C-3 carbon is a chiral center.
Carbon number 4 consists of all the four different groups attached to it. It consists of a hydrogen atom above it and the hydroxyl group below it. On its left side, it consists of three carbon atoms while on its right side it consists of two carbon atoms. Thus, C-4 carbon is a chiral center.
Carbon number 5 has two same groups (hydrogen atoms) attached to it. From the definition, it gets clear that chiral carbon is the one which have all the four different groups attached to it. No two groups can be similar. Thus, C-5 carbon is not a chiral center.
Hence, the given structure shows three chiral centers.