Attainment of a stable configuration

Attainment of a stable configuration - Inorganic Chemistry

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How do atoms combine to form molecules and why do atoms form bonds? A molecule will only be formed if it is more stable, and has a lower energy, than the individual atoms. . To understand what is happening in terms of electronic structure, con– sider first the Group 0 elements. These comprise the noble gases, helium, neon. argon, krypton, xenon and radon, which are noteworthy for their chemical inertness. Atoms of the ·noble gases do not normally react with any other atoms, and their molecules are monatomic, i.e. contain only one atom. The lack of reactivity is because the atoms already have a low energy, and it cannot be lowered further by forming compounds. The low energy of the noble-gases is associated with their having a complete outer shell of electrons. This is often called a noble gas structure, and it is an exceptionally stable arrangement of electrons. Normally only electrons in the outermo~t shell of an atom are involved in forming bonds, and by forming bonds each atom acquires a stable electron configuration. The most stable electronic arrangement is a noble gas structure. and many molecules have lhis arrangement. However, less stable arrangements than this are commonly attained by transition elements·.
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Types of Bonds

Atoms may attain a stable electronic configuration in three different ways: by losing electrons, by gaining electrons, or by sharing electrons. Elements may be divided into:
I. Electropositive elements, whose atoms give up one or more electrons fairly readily.
2. electronegative elements. which will accept electrons.
3. Elements which have little tendency to Jose or gain electrons.
Three different types of bond may be formed, depending on the electropositive or electronegative character of the atoms involved.

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Ionic bonding involves the complete transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms, and in metallic bonding the valency electrons are free to move throughout the whole crystal.
These types of bonds 'are idealized c>r extreme representations, and though one type generally predominates, in mosrsubstances the bond type is somewhere between these extreme forms. For example, lithium chloride is considered to be an ionic compound, but it is soluble in alcohol, which suggests that it also possesses a small amount of covalent character. If the three extreme bond types are placed at the corners of a triangle, then compounds with bonds predominantly of one type will be represented as points near the corners. Compounds with bonds intermediate between two types will occur along an edge of the triangle, whilst compounds with bonds showing some characteristics of all three types are shown as points inside the triangle.