Ionic bonds Transitions Between The Main Types of Bonding

Ionic Bonds Transitions Between The Main Types of Bonding- Inorganic Chemistry

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Few bonds are purely ionic, covalent or metallic. Most are intermediate between the three main types, and show some properties of at least two, and sometimes of all three types.
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Ionic bonds

Ionic bonds are formed when electropositive elements react with electro– negative elements. Consider the ionic compound sodium chloride. A sodium atom has the electronic configuration ls² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹ • The first and second shells of electrons are full, but the third shell contains only one electron. When this atom reacts it will do so in such a way that it attains a stable electron configuration. The noble gases have a stable electron arrangement and the nearest noble gas to sodium is neon, whose configuration is ls² 2s² 2p⁶ If the sodium atom can lose one electron from its outer shell, it will attain this configuration and in doing so the sodilim acquires a net charge of + 1 and is called a sodium ion Na⁺. The positive charge arises because the nucleus contains 11 protons, each with a positive charge, but there are now only 10 electrons .. Sodium atoms tend to lose an electron in this way when they are supplied with energy, and so sodium is an ekctropositive element:

Chlorine atoms have the electronic configuration ls² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁵ They are only one electron short of the stable noble gas configuration of argon ls² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ and when chlorine a.toms react, they gain an electron. Thus chlorine is an electronegative element.

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Through gaining an electron, an electrically neutral chlorine atom becomes a chloride ion with a net charge of ".'"-1. When sodium and chlorine react together, the outer electron of the sodium atoms is transferred to the chlorine atoms to produce sodium ions Na⁺ and chloride ions c1^-. Electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative ions holds the ions together in a crystal lattice. The process is energetically favourable as both sorts of atoms attain the stable noble gas configuration, and sodium chloride Na⁺c1^- is formed readily. This may be illustrated diagrammatically in a Lewis diagram showing the outer electrc:ms as dots;

The formation of calcium chloride CaCI₂ may be considered in a similar way. Ca atoms have two electrons in their outer shell. Ca is ah electropositive element, so each Ca atom loses two eleetrons to two Cl atoms. forming a calcium ior1 Ca²⁺ and two chloride ions c^1-. Showing the outer electrons only, this may be represented as follows.

#147 True and False Q&A for Business Statistics Solutions Manuals

True and False Q&A for Business Statistics Solutions Manuals  - Business Statistics

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True & False Q&A for Business Statistics Solutions Manuals
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(a) True. In the short run a government can finance a deficit of nearly any size through money growth. If they only do this in the short run the growth in nominal money growth will be small. However, if the government doesn’t immediately cease this practice, prices will adjust and cause inflation to increase one-for-one with the nominal money growth, leading to very high inflation. If a government attempted to do this longer than the short run it would have to continually increase the rate of money growth above the adjusted inflation, leading to hyperinflation.

(b) False. The inflation tax is equal to seignorage only when the nominal money growth is constant. If nominal money growth accelerates or decelerates, the inflation tax and seignorage will not be exactly equal. This is because inflation relies on expectations and these expectations are slower than reality. So if people expect a 3% rate of inflation but the government increase money growth by 5%, the inflation tax and seignorage will not be equal.

(c) False. Hyperinflations actually lead to a decrease in output. This occurs for three main reasons. First, the system of transactions breaks down. People might need to carry hundreds of thousands of units of currency just to purchase groceries. People will consequently only purchase necessities. Second, prices cease to be useful. Because a matter of hours can mean a huge increase in prices, consumers cannot make informed decisions. Again, this leads to decrease in output as consumers will only purchase what they absolutely need. Finally, the large swings in interest rates caused by inflation discourage investing. Investing and savings stop because the money invested or saved could be rendered useless shortly after.

(d) Uncertain. Using wage and price freezes could perhaps help fix the problem but typically will only work in addition to other measures. Specifically, many economists argue that wage and price freezes should be used in conjunction with fiscal reform and a credible reduction of the government budget deficit. Using wage and price freezes are certainly one way to handle the problem but by themselves, they are unlikely to solve the problem.

(e) False. During hyperinflations the inflation swings drastically. This means that borrowers who lock in an interest rate on their loan could end up paying 0% interest or paying 500%. The latter number is hardly a deal. Since it is impossible to predict the inflation rate, borrowing and lending typically come to a complete halt, making it impossible to get a loan anyway.

(f) False. Typically hyperinflations make budget deficits larger. This occurs because taxes are collected on the previous years’ wages. Thus, by the time taxes are due, hyperinflation has caused these taxes to decrease in value. In effect, the government now has less tax revenue to decrease the budget deficit with. This leads to the budget deficit problem getting much worse.

#146 How many grams of CO2 are produced in the combustion

How many grams of CO2 (Mm = 44.0 g/mol) are produced - Inorganic Chemistry

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How many grams of CO2 (Mm = 44.0 g/mol) are produced in the combustion of 23.0 g of C4H10 (Mm = 58.1 g/mol)?
2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O
mass CO2 = ___g
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#145 Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets

Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets - Organic Chemistry

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Drag the appropralate labels to their respective targets.

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According to the present of functional group in the structure, we give the name of these structures.

#144 What is the hybridization of N in the molecule?

What is the hybridization of N in the molecule? - Inorganic Chemistry

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What is the hybridization of N in the molecule?

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Hybridization - count the number of bond pairs + lone pairs around the atom.

3 Bond pairs + 1 lone pair = 4 So the hybridization is Sp³

#143 A Beaker of water is heated to increase its solubility

A Beaker of water is heated to increase its solubility - Inorganic Chemistry

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A Beaker of water is heated to increase its solubility, and it is saturated with a solid solute compound, such as salt. Then the solution is cooled down and a small salt crystal is dropped into the water. What would you expect to happen?
A. The Salt crystal will cause all of the dissolved salt to immediately crystallize.
B. The salt crystal will dissolve.
C. The salt crystal will fall to the bottom of the beaker and will not dissolve because the solution is saturated.
D. The salt crystal will float on top of the water because it will have the same density as all of the salt in the water.

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A saturated solution does not dissolve any more solid solute compound (salt) so if we add small salt crystal in colled saturated solution then the salt crystal will fall to the bottom of the beaker and will not dissolve because the solution is saturated.
So the correct option is
C. The salt crystal will fall to the bottom of the beaker and will dissolve because the solution is saturated.

#142 A Fink truss is loaded as shown, calculate the forces

A Fink truss is loaded as shown, calculate the forces - Civil Engineering 

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A Fink truss is loaded as shown, calculate the forces in members BD, CD and CE. Assuming the members are pin connected and span to be 15ft.

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#141 A two-way analysis of variance model with interaction

A two-way analysis of variance model with interaction - Math

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A two-way analysis of variance model with interaction was fit. Factor A had 3 levels, Factor B had 3 levels, and there were 3 replicates for each combination of Factors A and B. The sum of squares for interaction (SSAB) was 16 and the sum of squares for error (SSE) was 36.
(a) In the population, what is the model that you are trying to fit?

(b) You want to test the null hypothesis of no interaction between Factor A and Factor B at level a=0.06 (six percent). What is the value of the appropriate test statistic?
(c) What is the p-value associated with this test statistic? Use the appropriate table posted on CAPA.
(d) What do you conclude at Q=0.06 (six percent)?

• Do not Reject the Null. There is no interaction between Factors A and B.
• Accept the Null. There is no interaction between Factors A and B.
• Do not Reject the Null. There is a significant interaction between Factors A and B.
• Reject the Null. There is no interaction between Factors A and B.
• Reject the Null. There is a significant interaction between Factors A and B.
• Accept the Null. There is a significant interaction between Factors A and B.

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#140 I have difficulty analyzing this ethical dilemma

I have difficulty analyzing this ethical dilemma - Operations Management 

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I have difficulty analyzing this ethical dilemma in my strategic management courses ( not marketing or law), it's a case that needs analysis and answering the questions with the required criteria in two pages.
Case: A team of marketing managers for a major differentiated consumer products company has been instructed by top managers to develop new strategies to increase the profitability of the company’s products. One idea is to lower the cost of ingredients, which will reduce product quality; another is to reduce the content of the products while maintaining the size of the packaging; a third is to slightly change an existing product and then offer it as “new” premium brand that can be sold at a higher price.
Questions: Do you think it is ethical to pursue these strategies and present them to management? In what ways could these strategies backfire and cause the company harm?
Required criteria: originality of approach; quality of analysis; coverage of all issues in the ethical dilemma; quality of written presentation; and evidence of serious work.
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Are these strategies ethical?
Well, I think these strategies are completely ethical. The companies are not harming any individual, it is just a matter of value proposition provided to their customers. Companies can definitely increase or decrease the value provided, based on the methodologies they follow or according to their mission and vision. Actually, most of the companies follow these kinds of strategies in order to reduce cost or increase profitability. When it comes to presenting these strategies to the management, it depends on a lot of factors:
1) Company's work culture
2) Company's current market share in that product category
3) Competitive advantage over their competitors
4) Number of competitors in the market
5) Buying power of the customers
6) The threat of new entrants
7) Threat of substitution
8) Supplier power
Now, let's talk about in what ways these strategies could backfire and cause the company harm.
Lower the cost of ingredients, which will reduce product quality
Quality is ultimately the best weapon in the fight for a strong brand image as well as customer loyalty, especially considering it takes only one quality issue to potentially lose a customer for life. Regardless of the various viewpoints from the public, product quality is a competitive market for brands that affect purchasing decisions and profitability.
Brands and marketers can’t afford to overlook product quality for the following five reasons:
1) Customers will not trust the Brand
2) Bad word of mouth and reviews which will lead to negative publicity
3) More Customer complaints and returns
4) People care about aesthetics
5) Low quality product may not have the same ROI as a high-quality product
Reduce the content of the products while maintaining the size of the packaging
In this case, the customer might feel cheated or consider the product as less valuable than it used to be. This will influence the customer to choose a different brand. The company might lose on its long term clients which can eventually reduce the market share of the company.
Customers respond from a finding- “The keyword is ‘deceive.’ I find it underhanded. I would rather they were upfront about it and raised the price. Don’t they know we’re watching?”
Slightly change an existing product and then offer it a “new” premium brand that can be sold at a higher price
The issue is one of credibility. Most consumers will question whether a formerly inexpensive brand will have the knowledge, capability, and will to operate an upscale brand and deliver the expected functional and emotional benefits. Even brands that enjoy solid reputations are suspect.

#139 J Small decided to buy and sell goods from

J Small decided to buy and sell goods from - Financial Accounting

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This question consists of three short questions
2.1 J Small decided to buy and sell goods from his garage after he lost his job at the end of April 2019. During May 2019 Small purchased goods to the value of R54 000, one third of which was sold for R38 000 during May 2019. Distribution.
and administration expenses amounted to R3 000 and electricity amounted to R800. Show workings to calculate the profit for the month of May 2019.
2.2 Quick Deliveries began business to deliver fast food to customers on 1 March 2017. Two delivery motor bikes were purchased for R30 000 each. The financial year end of the entity is 28 February of every year and depreciation on the motor bikes is calculated at 30% per year according to the diminishing balance method. On 30 April 2018 one of the motor bikes was involved in an accident and was completely written off. Miraculously no one was hurt. R9 500 was received from the insurance company. Show workings to calculate the profit or loss on scrapping the motor bike.
2.3 Fed Ltd has the following authorised share capital: Authorised:
900 000 Ordinary shares
500 000 12% Preference shares
The issued share capital at 31 December 2019 is as follows:
400 000 Ordinary shares at R1,00 each, and
200 000 12% Preference shares at R2,00 each
Of the issued share capital, the following shares were issued on 30 June 2019 and have been correctly recorded:
100 000 Ordinary shares at R1,00 each, and
50 000 12% Preference shares of R2,00 each
On 30 November 2019 directors declared an ordinary dividend of 50 cents per share payable to all shareholders registered on 31 December 2019.
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Answer to Question 2.1
As provided in the question
Goods purchased= R54,000
We need to calculate, Cost of Goods Sold = Opening inventory + purchases - Ending Inventory = 0 + 54,000 - 36,000 = 18,000
Therefore, Profit is
Sales = 38,000
Less: Cost of Goods sold = 18,000
Less: Indirect Expenses (Distribution and Administration and Electricity Expenses = 3000+ 800 ) = 3,800
Profit = 14,200
Answer to question No. 5.2
Bikes purchased (30,000 each ) = R 60,000
Depreciation till 28th Feb 2018 ( 30% on each i.e., 9000 + 9000) = 18,,000
Value of both bikes as on 1 st March 18 ( 21,000 + 21,000) = R 42,000
When one Bike written off:
Written Down Value of bike as on 1st March = 21,000
Less: Depreciation till 30th April ( 30% on 21000 for 2 months) = 1050
WDV of Bike as on 30th April = 19,950
Less: Amount Received from insurance Comapny = R 9,500
Therefore, Loss (19,950 - 9500) = 10450
Answer to Question No. 2.3
Calculation of Dividend for the shareholders registered on 31 December 2019
Shares registered on 31 Dec, 2019 = 4,00,000 - 1,00,000 = 3,00,000 shares at 100 per share
Dividend 50 -cents means
Investor with 100 shares would receive = R 50
Therefore, 3,,00,000 shares = R 1,50,000
Therefore, Total dividend paid to ordinary shares will be = R 150,000

#138 For the circuit in figure 4 below, assume the inputs are

For the circuit in figure 4 below, assume the inputs are - Electrical Engineering

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 8.1 For The Circuit in figure 4 below, assume the inputs are Add Subt =1 A = 1001 and B = 1100.

8.1.1 Write out the binary manipulation.
8.1.2 Show the circuit with the binary numbers at each stage of manipulation.
8.2 if the input waveforms are applied to the decoding logic as indicated in

8.2.1 Write the bollean expression for the decoding logic.
8.2.2 sketch the waveform in proper relation to the inputs.
8.3 If the data select inputs to the nultiplexer in figure 6 are sequenced as shown by the waveforms in figure 7.
8.3.1 Show the truth table for the multiplexer
8.3.2 Sketch the outpur waveform with the data inputs specified as D0 = 1, D1 = 1, d2 = 1, D3 = 1

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#137 Let S be the set of positive integers defined by Basis step

Let S be the set of positive integers defined by Basis step - Math

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Let S be the set of positive integers defined by Basis step: 1 e S Recursive step: If n E S, then 3n + 2 E S and n2 e S a) Show that if n E S, then n = 1 (mod 4) b) Show that there exists an integer m = 1(mod 4) that does not belong to S.
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