#599 Modern commercial airliners are largely made of aluminum

Modern commercial airliners are largely made of aluminum - Chemical Engineering

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Modern commercial airliners are largely made of aluminum, a light, and strong metal. But the fact that aluminum is cheap enough that airplanes can be made out of it is a bit of historical luck. Before the discovery of the Hall-Héroult process in 1886, aluminum was as rare and expensive as gold. What would happen if airplanes had to be made of steel?

The fuselage of the Embraer E170, which can carry 78 passengers, is approximately a hollow aluminum cylinder without ends, 30.0 m long, 2.5 m wide, and 2.5 mm thick (see sketch at right). 

Suppose this fuselage was made of steel (density 7.87 g/cm') instead of aluminum (density 2.70 g/em), and let's say the average passenger has a mass of 84 kg. We'll also assume the engines can't lift any greater mass than they already do.

Calculate the number of passengers that the Embraer E170 could carry if its fuselage was made of steel?

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#585 Two water tanks are connected to each other

Two water tanks are connected to each other - Chemical Engineering

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Two water tanks are connected to each other through a mercury manometer with inclined tubes, as shown below. If the pressure difference between the two tanks is 20 kPa, calculate a and θ 

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#572 A feed (F) containing 20%A, 35%B and 45%C

A feed (F) containing 20%A, 35%B and 45%C - Chemical Engineering

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Q2. (25) A feed (F) containing 20%A, 35%B and 45%C is separated to a product (P) containing only compound C. The stream (S) as the second output contains all the compounds in various amounts. It is known that the product contains 98% of compound C in the feed.

I Flow diagram?

DOF Analysis? Can we solve for all the unknowns? If so, what are the flowrates of the streams and their compositions?

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since P has only C.

C2=1

A2=0

B2=0

S has all three C1,B1 and A1

hence

Degree of freedom=2

we can not solve above eqution without knowing two variables

#571 Think about the production of chlorine gas

Think about the production of chlorine gas - Chemical Engineering

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Think about the production of chlorine gas from NaCl solution.

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#476 As a recent graduate of University, you have recently

As a recent graduate of University, you have recently - Chemical engineering

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The scenario for Metabolomics based Questions 1-5: Total word limit 500 words
As a recent graduate of University, you have recently been employed (3-year contract) by a world-renowned infectious diseases institute located in Victoria, Australia. You are required to investigate the effects of the novel small molecule anti-viral (DAD030981) to determine the global metabolic changes which take place in the tissue of lungs of monkeys infected by SARS-CoV-2 (Infected Group) vs the tissue of lungs of healthy monkeys (Control Group). You have been asked by your laboratory head to design and carry out a “metabolomics experiment.”
Q1. Your laboratory head has asked you to briefly prepare an experimental design so he can first approve this and then discuss with you how you are going to prepare samples and analyze them.
What kind of metabolomics approach has your lab head suggested and why?
What considerations with respect to your experimental design should you propose?
(5 marks)
Q2. Congratulations! Your lab head has approved your project and has now asked you to provide details as to how you are going to prepare samples for your metabolomics experiment.
Briefly describe your proposed sample preparation workflow ONLY and provide a justification for each step.
What kind of internal standard do you propose to use and why?
(5 marks)
Q3. Your lab head has now asked you to analyze the polar metabolite extract on the laboratory’s LC-MS even though there is a GC-MS available.
Briefly describe how it may be possible to analyze polar metabolites on the GC-MS.
What additional sample should you run with your experiment and why?
Q4. Your lab head is quite pleased that you have acquired all data in such a short amount of time and is now eager for you to analyze the data.
Briefly explain what and why deconvolution is important in appropriately identifying metabolites.
How can your lab head determine which metabolites are up and/or down-regulated?
How can your lab head determine which metabolites are significant?
Q5. Your lab head has interpreted your univariate data and noticed that amino acid metabolism appears to be downregulated in the infected group relative to the control group. Your lab head has now asked you to perform a Principal Component Analysis (multivariate analysis).
Briefly illustrate or describe how your Principal Component Analysis would look like.
What causes your control and infected groups to be separated in three-dimensional space?

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SARS -CoV2 infection can result in asymptomatic, mild, or severe diseases in humans vaccines against SARS-CoV 2 paramount for combating covid -19 disease and curating the pandemic. large animal models are critical for early vaccine testing before human clinical trials.

If the infection found in monkeys with SARS- CoV-2 resulted in mild disease yet lesion was detectable by PET/CT imaging of lungs. shedding of infectious virus from both respiratory and gastrointestinal tract was also documented.

RESPIRATORY PATHOLOGY

Infected monkeys with SARS-CoV-2 via nose, trachea, eyes, and /or mouth and studied them for 3 weeks. we can see symptoms like fever, irregular breathing, reduced appetite, pale appearance, and dehydration developed. radiographs showed that pulmonary infiltrates that resolved within 2 weeks. 4 animals each on 3 and 21 days post-infection (dpi) and found intestinal pneumonia and multifocal lesions. all respiratory tissue showed viral mRNA, indicating active virus. respiration on 3 post-infection, but not on 21 post-infection. overall, the presence of pulmonary infiltrates, virus replication pattern, and histological lesion.

Viral loads, swabs were taken Nose, throat, rectum, and urogenital area, nasal virus shedding was the highest among all. Bronchoalveolar fluid showed high viral load whereas viral RNA could not be detected in blood, urine, or central nervous system. throat swabs showed high viral load after the infection but the virus level was inconsistent . one animal kept shedding viral RNA in rectal swabs even after 2 weeks.

#461 An ice cube of mass 27 g at T = 273 K is dropped

An ice cube of mass 27 g at T = 273 K is dropped - Chemical Engineering

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An ice cube of mass 27 g at T = 273 K is dropped into a vessel containing 135 g of water at 357.3 K, at a constant pressure of 1 atm. The entire system is perfectly insulated and the vessel has a negligible heat capacity. Calculate the change in entropy of the ice and water system, and comment on your result in the light of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

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#443 Develop a table of conversions from moisture

Develop a table of conversions from moisture - Chemical Engineering

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Develop a table of conversions from moisture content wet basis (MC_wb %) to moisture content dry basis (MC_db %)

between 10% MC_wb to 90% MC_wb in steps of 10 percent (Calculate column B).

And calculate MCdb in terms of weight fraction (Calculate column D).

Start creating column A (see the next worksheet).

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Basis: 1 kg of dry solid.

So there moisture content in wet basis from 10% to 90% and we have to convert them to mositure content in dry basis. So to this we have a relation between moisture content in dry basis and wet basis.

Suppose x is the moisture content in wet basis and X is the moisture content in wet basis then:

So if i have a moisture content of 10% in wet basis then in dry basis it will be:

So I have indicated the conversions in the table as follows from 10% to 90%.

Now this moisture content in dry basis is defined as:

And weight fraction is defined as:

Therefore we can say that weight fraction and moisture content on wet basis both are same.

To convert moisture content in dry basis to weight fraction we have the relation:

So if we have 67% of moisture content on dry basis then weight fraction will be:

So weight fraction will be 0.4 and in % it will be 40%.

So I have indicated the conversions of moisture content in dry basis from the above table to weight fractions in the below table:

We can clearly see that the weight fractions and moisture content in wet basis are the same.

#277 The compressibility factor for methane

The compressibility factor for methane - Chemical Engineering

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The compressibility factor for methane is given by Z = 1 + Bp + Cp² + Dp³. If p is in atm, the values of the constants are as follows:

Plot the values of Z as a function of p at these two temperatures in the range from 0 to 1000 atm.

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#240 Determine the available suction head of

Determine the available suction head of - Mechanical Engineering

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Determine the available suction head of a pump which is taking gas oil at a temperature of 400°F. from a closed tank in which the pressure is 85 lb. per sq.in. gage. The specific gravity of the oil is 0.78 and its vapor pressure is 90 lb. per sq. in. absolute. The loss in the suction pipe is 2 ft. and the pump is located at 12 ft. above the oil level in a plant at sea level.

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#216 A feed stream to a distillation column

A feed stream to a distillation column - Chemical Engineering 

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A feed stream to a distillation column, flowing at a rate of 1200 kg/h, contains a gas mixture of ethanol, methanol, and propanol. The feed contains 20% methanol. The distillate consists of 90% of the metha- nol and 60% of the ethanol contained in the feed. All of the 400 kg/h of propanol fed to the process ends up in the bottom of the column. Calculate bottom stream mass flow rate. (648 kg/h)

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#148 What are the main reasons for using a BOP?

What are the main reasons for using a BOP? - Chemical Engineering

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What are the main reasons for using a BOP?
A - To provide better protection then the stripper.
B - To clean the pipe when pulling out.
C - To operate safely and contain the well pressure.
D - To be able to repair any connection above the BOP.
What are the main advantages of the combination BOP over the quad BOP?
A - Less height.
B - When CT pipe is cut and the blind is closed, it is easier to pump the kill fluid down.
C - Minimize steps for BOP emergency operation
D - When the lower set of rams on a combination BOP are closed, it is possible to pump-down the CT annulus
D - A combination BOP has more flexibility in carrying out operations.
Which of the following is true about blind/ shear rams? A - Cuts the pipe without sealing off the hole
B - Cuts the pipe whilst sealing off the hole
C - Seals off around the pipe
A shear/seal BOP (safety head) in fig 6 below is which kind of barrier?
A - Primary
B - Secondary
C - Tertiary
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Answer 1
Option c is correct
To operate safely and contain the well pressure
Answer 2
Option a is correct
Less height
Answer 3
Option b is correct
Cut the pipe while sealing of the hole
Answer 4
Option c is correct
Tertiary

#124 For families of reactions, the Polanyi-Semenov equation

For families of reactions, the Polanyi-Semenov equation - chemical engineering

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For families of reactions, the Polanyi-Semenov equation can be used to estimate activation energies from the heats of reaction, -∆H_R according to the equation,

where alpha and C are constants. For exothermic reactions, alpha =-0.25 and C =48 kJ/mol, while for endothermic reactions, alpha =-0.75 and C = 48kJ/mol. However, these values may vary somewhat from reaction family to reaction family [K.J. Laidler, Theories of Chemical Reaction Rates (New York, R. E. Krieger, 1979), p. 38]. (Also see Appendix J)
Why is this a reasonable correlation?
Consider the following family of reactions:

Estimate the activation energy for the reaction

which has an exothermic heat of reaction of 6 kcal/mol (i.e., -Delta HR =-6 kcal/mol)
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